Case Study The Super Scooter - 1779 Words

Case Study: the Super Scooter JASON GRAMITT Case Summary Honda Motorcycles developed a new model of scooter intended for young people and low-income households. The desired characteristics of the scooter are: low price (up to $500), low fuel consumption (about 150 miles per gallon), weight less than 75 pounds so that the vehicle could be carried indoors, and speed up to 55 mph. Honda Motorcycles invested into the development of such Super-Scooter, and the first set of 30,000 scooters was manufactured. The scooters were ready to market, but their safety check identified a serious security issue. In order to reduce weight, the gas tank was made of thin aluminum that might easily be ruptured, and even lead to inflammation or explosion. The estimates of the safety commission and accounting department are the following. If the company decides to go on and sell Super-Scooters in the current condition, the expected number of serious burn cases would be 3, and the expected number of explosions would be 1. The explosion would most likely cause the death of the driver. Overall cost of these incidents to the company would be $1,650,000 ($50,000 per each serious burn case and $1,500,000 for the explosion case). The costs of fixing the defect would be $100 per each scooter, i.e. additional $3,000,000 for the whole set. Moreover, the process of fixing defects would take 6 months, and there are risks of losing the market to the competitor, Hyundai Motorcycles, who is working onShow MoreRelatedBajaj vs Lml3667 Words   |  15 Pagesshutdown. So in our case study we are taking into consideration two such companies like Bajaj and LML which have been there from the very beginning and trying to analyse why Bajaj was a huge success , while LML suffered huge losses and collapsed and the reasons behind these outcomes. 1) One of the oldest scooter makers in INDIA. 2) Had the largest market share in INDIA before other companies came into India. 3) Emergence of various motor bike industries in India. 4) The scooter industry slowlyRead MoreProject Report of Research Methodology on Comparative Study of Bajaj V/S Hero Honda4468 Words   |  18 PagesPROJECT REPORT OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ON COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BAJAJ V/S HERO HONDA SUBMITED TO SUBMITED BY Prof. Neha bansal Vishal jaggi Roll No.820375073 MBA 4th Semester 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Vishal jaggi has completed his project report title â€Å"Comparative Study of Bajaj V/S Hero Honda† under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge and belief this is his original work and this, wholly or partially, has not been submitted for any degree of this or any other UniversityRead MoreFactors Affecting The Severity Of Symptoms Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesInjuries the task force accepted 5 studies on the incidence and risk factors for MTBI associated with motorcycle collisions, covering inception periods from 1977 through to 1992. Two of the 3 US studies came from the State of Illinois (59, 60) and the other from the State of Connecticut (61). One study came from the county of Skaraborg, Sweden (62), and the final study came from Taipei, Taiwan (63). The Swedish study included moped collisions and the Taipei study included a majority of collisionsRead MoreMental Illness : Bipolar Disorder And The Opportunity For Health Improvement Thro ugh The Promotion Of Positive Mental Health1483 Words   |  6 Pagesof depression† (Sullivan, 2009, p. 50). In the following case study, we will examine the case of Scoter, who suffers from bipolar disorder and two significant comorbidities. Further, this study will examine Scoter’s presenting problems and issues followed by the exploration of medical approaches used in treating BD, and the opportunity for health improvement through the promotion of positive mental health. Patient Characteristics Scooter is a 43-year-old male who works as a freelance photographerRead MoreAbout India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.9142 Words   |  37 PagesSince then, it has introduced an entire range of 2-stroke and 4-stroke bikes in India. Presently, its product portfolio includes Crux (100cc), Alba (106cc) and Gladiator (125cc). MAJOR PRODUCTS SERVICES: * Manufacture and sales of motorcycles, scooters, electro-hybrid bicycles, boats, sail boats, Water Vehicles, pools, utility boats, fishing boats, outboard motors, diesel engines, 4-wheel ATVs, side-by-side vehicles, racing karts, golf cars, multi-purpose engines, generators, water pumps, snowmobilesRead MoreConsumer Behavour3769 Words   |  16 PagesQuestions 9:11 Further Readings 9.1 INTRODUCTION In this unit we shall examine how a consumer actually arrives at the decision to purchase a specific product or brand out of the so many available in the market. Or, in other words, we shall study the process of consumer decision-making. In the previous unit we had discussed a simple model of consumer decision-making, comprising an input, process and an output. A consumer receives stimuli from the environment and the specifics of the marketingRead MoreMarketing Strategy of India Yamaha Motor Pvt Ltd.13989 Words   |  56 PagesPROJECT : The objective of this project is to identify and analyze the marketing strategies of automobile industry in two wheeler segment. Through this study I am able to find out the present status of the automobile industry (2-wheeler) in India. In this project I also review other research done for the 2-wheeler bikes. Through this project I study the distribution and marketing strategy adopt by YAMAHA Company. This project help me know about the most influencing media to create awareness regardingRead MoreMarketing Strategy of India Yamaha Motor Pvt Ltd.13976 Words   |  56 PagesPROJECT : The objective of this project is to identify and analyze the marketing strategies of automobile industry in two wheeler segment. Through this study I am able to find out the present status of the automobile industry (2-wheeler) in India. In this project I also review other research done for the 2-wheeler bikes. Through this project I study the distribution and marketing strategy adopt by YAMAHA Company. This project help me know about the most influencing media to create awareness regardingRead MoreBajaj Pulsar Marketing Project9282 Words   |  38 PagesPROJECT REPORT ON MARKET STUDY AND ANALYSIS ON BAJAJ MOTORS - MODEL PULSAR - Submitted By PGCBM 22 - Group 63 Aashish Bansal Joseph George Phani Krishna Tanguturi Venkata Pradeep Table of Contents PROJECT REPORT ON MARKET STUDY AND ANALYSIS ON BAJAJ MOTORS - MODEL PULSAR 1 PHOENIX OF THE BAJAJ’S 4 History of Bajaj 4 Bajaj’s Experiment with Motor-Cycles 5 Pulsar’s Saga 6 Conceptualization of PulsarRead MoreInternal Trade6206 Words   |  25 Pagesenumerate the services of a wholesaler and a retailer; enumerate and explain the various types of retailers; differentiate between multiple shops and departmental store; 28 :: Business Studies †¢ †¢ state the conditions necessary for the success of a mail-order business; enumerate the characteristics of a Super Bazar. 8.3 Internal Trade: Meaning, Features and Importance Meaning of Internal Trade Internal trade is the sum total of activities which brings the producers and consumers within the same

Poverty, By John Kenneth Galbraith - 1775 Words

Poverty is a huge issue which never seems to ever go away or be fixed. There are many options as to what can be done to eliminate poverty but, not all options please everyone. John Kenneth Galbraith in his essay â€Å"The Position of Poverty† argues that â€Å"to eliminate poverty, we must invest more than proportionately in the children of the poor community (Jacobus). Money has been a very important tool that has divided the world and given humans labels as wealthy or poor. The wealthy seem to have worked hard for what they have but others not so much. Poverty has been growing and it has been spreading across the world. Those people who are poor sometimes have no chance to exit the poverty that have been in because of very little supplies or just not a great community or environment, some with very little food and they just give up and never keep trying to exit this moment in their lives. The rich must make an effort to try and redistribute the money in our nation to elimi nate poverty for good. There has always been a gap between the incomes of all people. Since the 1920’s we haven’t had that much of gap up until now of course. America has more wealth and more income inequality than any other major developed country on earth, and the gap between the very rich and everyone else is wider than it has been at any time since the 1920s (Sanders). If we think about that clearly and critically we find out that something is seriously wrong. The wealth that some people have is ridiculousShow MoreRelatedJohn Kenneth Galbraith : Written Profile827 Words   |  4 PagesJillian Baggao Marsha Economics John Kenneth Galbraith - Written Profile John Kenneth Galbraith known as the most influential economists in the 20th century who wrote many bestselling books regarding economics, but also wrote books about art history, memoirs and novels. Galbraith was born in Canada and moved to the United States in the 1930s. He earned his Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics at the University of California in Berkeley One of his major bestselling economic books, â€Å"The Affluent Society†Read MoreThe Black Silence Of Fear By Harry S. Truman1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affluent Society was written by John Kenneth Galbraith in 1958. In the essay, the difference between the poorer classes and the middle-class in America, in the nineteen-fifties is defined. The middle class had rising retail sales, rising amounts of privately produced goods and rising personal incomes; the poorer class’ life was quite the opposite. The essay also describes why Americans ignored poverty and how they were able to be oblivious to beggars and poverty stricken people. The Feminine MystiqueRead MoreInsular Poverty Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 102 Insular Poverty 11/3/2012 Nobody wants to be considered to be below the poverty line. Unfortunately, for fourteen percent of the people in this country, that is their reality. Fourteen percent of the people currently living in the United States’ basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met. Poverty is experienced at different levels in different parts of the country. The causes and effects of insular poverty are experienced differently in rural and urban areas in theRead MoreEssay on Advertising Age 2266 Words   |  10 PagesProduction is expanding with high speed due to the same reason. This essay will discuss the basic aim of advertising – to convince customers they not only need but also want a certain product – by comparing and contrasting the opinions of John Kenneth Galbraith, a noted scholar, and F.A. Hayek, a professor and Nobel Laureate in Economics. Advertising nowadays is a powerful phenomenon; far more powerful than several years ago when social networks and the internet were not a part of everyone’s dailyRead MoreThe Inequality Of Poverty And Poverty1558 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is it that the people in poverty have such a tough time getting out of it? â€Å"Income inequality in the United States is higher than in any other advanced industrial democracy† (Lieberman). In America the poverty gap is continuously increasing throughout the years and no sense of progression is being shown. People in poverty are finding it harder every year to escape their low economic stage . When it comes to poverty it does not mean just having a low income it is a â€Å"condition of having littleRead MoreSocial Entrepreneurship921 Words   |  4 Pagessocial entrepreneurship at its best produces small changes in the short term that reverberate through existing systems to catalyze large changes in the longer term. No longer do we sit passively by ignoring the cancerous infection of global poverty and human injustice. Social Entrepreneurs are courageously creating change through innovative social ventures. Every social venture is a social mission driven organizations which exchange goods or services for a social purpose. I found myselfRead MoreThe Simulation Project3665 Words   |  15 Pagesâ€Å"open door† policy in the work place, managers are accessible at all levels and this makes it very familiar. The two economic theories that will be compared and contrasted are Walt Whitman Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth and John Kenneth Galbraith Equilibrium of Poverty for the domestic and gloabal economic environments identified above for US Airways Group. The US has a mixed economic environment and is classified as a first world country. The reason the US does not fit into one specific economicRead MoreCauses Of Global Poverty1031 Words   |  5 Pagespercentage of the world’s population is affected by poverty, out of that percentage over three billion people live on less then $2.50 a day(cite) John Kenneth Galbraith says that, People are poverty stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls markedly behind that of their community. CITE THIS What is poverty? Poverty is defined in Websters Dictionary as a lack of money or material possessions(cite) Behind the scene of poverty, there is hunger, lack of shelter, being sick andRead MoreWhy is there s o much poverty in the United States? Essays991 Words   |  4 Pagesthere so much poverty in the United States?† has such a broad spectrum of issues. There is no simple cure or single cause of poverty. According to statistics from the U.S. Department of Health Human Services, â€Å"the 2011 Poverty Guidelines are $10,890 for a single member household and $22,350 for a family of four† (par 13). In addition, â€Å"families’ incomes that fall below the threshold given, means that every individual in the household are considered to be in poverty† (par 13). Poverty is too complexRead MoreAmerican Society After Wwii Experienced A Major Change1021 Words   |  5 Pagesclasses grew, the paradox between progress and poverty in a society which was capable of providing for everyone showed the countries inability to deal with social and civil issues. But, this didn’t just happen overnight. There are several factors which showed signs and contributed this s ociety and the growth of the economy, such as, the building of suburbs due to the baby boom, and the new consumerism. Although there was a huge flux in the prosperity, poverty in America was still an issue. The economy

NATO and Terrorism Free Essays

â€Å"A key feature of terrorism is that it is directed at a wider audience or target than the immediate victims. It is one of the earliest forms of psychological warfare. An inevitable corollary is that terrorism entails attacks on random and symbolic targets, including civilians, in order to create a climate of extreme fear among a wider group. We will write a custom essay sample on NATO and Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Buckley and Fawn, pg. 1) Whenever, any country or a nation is at a critical stage and it feels that someone might capture his homeland, and then he bears the courage to fight for his homeland as for the love of his country. There are special rules and principles according to which countrymen can protect their nation from enemies. An alliance was formed by the European countries and the US when they were facing attacks from the Soviet Nations. To fight for their land, they created an alliance which is called NATO. The abbreviation of NATO is North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was created to promote harmony among the member countries and throughout the world. The basic responsibilities of the NATO soldiers were to remove the people whose lives were at stake near the borderline so that they could be accommodated too much safer places then those. In this regard, every member country was bound to follow all the instructions of this allied force in connection of the co-operation and peace among these countries. When this allied force was created there were about 51 countries in it and now it comprises about 189 countries. Basically, history tells that it was the unity of all the European nations, United States and Canada against a Soviet attack on their participating or friend nations. â€Å"The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), as it often has been, is once again at the center of this debate. Today NATO is once again a subject of concern and debate. Member states have put the organization through a major structural overhaul, but there continue to be doubts concerning its future in the absence of a threat†. (Cohen et al, pg. 20) The NATO is said to be an allied force as it is so it fights against terrorism but the main point to this topic is that if the NATO is fighting against terrorism then terrorism may surely be affecting it in many ways. The most favorable prove in this regard is the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center in the Washington District of the United States of America. â€Å"After the events of September 11 2001, a stunned US President George W. Bush declared that ‘night fell on a different world. There was indeed horror around much of the globe that a new and insidious precedent had been set for terror against states, making everyone vulnerable.† (Buckley and Fawn, pg. 1) This effected the reputation and name of the NATO. While within 24 hours of the attack the NATO declared and proved that it was a plan to destroy the image of the NATO and somewhere they have succeeded. But the real plan was to kill the soldiers of the NATO. However, gradually the planes and aircrafts turned towards the WTC and bumped into the world’s highest building. Till then the NATO has been trying to curb terrorism and is in fight of this fearful activity and its activists. However, nowadays, the NATO is working against terrorism in Afghanistan and is trying its level best to damage the hideouts of those jihad militants. The NATO fully recognized its duties after the September 11 2001 attacks, which proved to be harmful for the works of the NATO. After that they started an active participation in fight against terrorism and their first operation was chained outside Europe. The North Atlantic Council, which is the central body of the NATO, directs it from where to start and all the NATO officials have to present their work history or their efforts to this Head Quarter named the North Atlantic Council. The NATO militants are offered their services from here and one is punctual and strict to abide the rules and principles of the Head Quarter. Recently, the 2006 attacks in Turkey by terrorist groups were highly condemned by the NATO and at a conference held at the NAC0 the base commander declared his sympathy with the people of Turkey and strongly condemned the attitudes of the terrorist groups. The point is only that if these terrorist groups and their militants want us to move from their places then they should clearly come and fight with the NATO’s allied forces, while in this way they are not opening the ways of sympathy for them but are creating an emotional of hate in the hearts and minds of the people. This conflict and war of terror between NATO and the terrorists have made the lives of people miserable. They do not care about who is living or who dies. The conflicting situation is continoulsy-disturbing the lives of people and is forcing them to kill themselves because of fear and terror but who cares because nobody would leave this war. Everyone should standby his conditions and all is well that end is well. People would die and last of the entire world would be free of us. Terrorist attacks in Algeria are also increasing but all are helpless in front of the terrorist forces. According to a NATO press release, the Secretary General of the NATO strongly condemning the attacks said that on behalf of all the brave and courageous commandos of the NATO, I strongly condemn the terrorist attacks on Algeria and this is a promise that the NATO will always stand by the Algerians as our Mediterranean teams is also working. We hope for further development in decreasing the number of terrorists from the terrorist affected areas because our teams are working there to combat with the terrorists. However, after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the NATO has become more serious and effective in playing its complete role against terrorism. Now, the forces of the NATO are removing people who are living near the terrorist camps especially in Afghanistan. The forces of the NATO fear that these people might be victimized in their context so it would be better to remove and relocate them to a much safer place. The NATO has been much supported and encouraged by its partners in regard of the fight against terrorism. The member countries are always present to help the NATO manage voluntary camps and they also launch campaigns for the betterment of theses courageous soldiers. Nowadays the plan, which is residing among the partner countries, comprises of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the NATO-Russia Council. These two comprise of the supporting countries that have been with the NATO since its formation and have supported this alliance against terrorism in every positive means. Apart from its member countries, the NATO is also sharing up its part with other international organizations and is taking and giving information to those organizations so that their law enforcement agencies could be proven helpful for the NATO in finding fearful and wanted people. In accordance with all of the above statements it has been proved that the NATO is trying its level best to curb the germ named terrorism but is continuously failing in it because the rising umber of crimes and criminals. However, a team like the NATO should be within every country so that it could have a worldwide terror-curbing network. â€Å"Israel and its overseas network in the US†¦. (threatens) not only the oppressed people of Palestine (and Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Syria and any other state Israel takes aim at) but the rights of people throughout the world.† He stresses we have mass public opinion on our side nearly everywhere outside the US, and it’s gaining resonance here as well. It sees Israel and our actions in support of the Israeli state as the greatest of all threats to world peace and stability. Petras ends his book with one final impassioned call to arms: â€Å"Let’s move ahead and de-colonize our country, our minds and politics as a first step in reconstituting a democratic republic, free of entangling colonial and neo-imperial alliances.† (Petras, 2006) It has been proved that what were the aims and objectives on which the NATO was created. However, it is reminded again that when the US and UK colonies and European nations faced severe attacks from the sides of the Soviet Unions and Soviet nations, then they decided to create an allied force named the NATO. The NATO is supposed to be helpful in curbing the roots of terrorism and it is doing it as its prime duty but the greatest terrorist shock that rocked the whole world as well as the NATO was the 9/11 attacks. â€Å"The September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States have made a smooth joint planning and coordination process even more urgent. While NATO invoked for the first time in its history its collective defense clause, it seems likely that the United States will coordinate its planned attacks on terrorist targets outside the European theater with individual allies rather than through the North Atlantic Council. As a result of the attacks, Washington will be reluctant to add more resources to Balkan peace management, at least in the short term†. (Cohen et al, pg. 74) After these severe attacks, the NATO became more terror and fear conscious and now it has started its operations in Afghanistan and the Ukraine Mediterranean area. However, besides all of this conflicts and situation, terrorism has always been a wall in the social and humanitarian services of the NATO. Wherever the NATO services try to spread peace and harmony, there is a bomb blast reported and same of every attack, the name and the blame comes directly on the allied force the NATO. The NATO has been contributing its services since 1955 and the countries, which are supporting it, should understand to announce an increase in the security of the soldiers. In that, if anybody is severely injured or dies during the military operations, the there should be special arrangements to remind those soldiers who contributed their part for the beloved country land. These soldiers should be regarded as a part of an active and alive society so that the forth-coming generation could remind the services of the beloved ones who sacrificed their lives for the love for their country. In that, it should be remembered and recognized that if these brave soldiers are neither paid tributes for their services or are never recognized for their never ending courage, we will lose these brave soldiers and then we should be ready to face another shock of a new Soviet or another union. Works Cited James Petras (Sep 26, 2006). The Power of Israel in the United States. Lenard J. Cohen, Alexander Moens, and Allen G. Sens. Praeger. NATO and European Security: Alliance Politics from the End of the Cold War to the Age of Terrorism. Westport, CT. Year: 2003. Page Number: 20 Mary Buckley and Rick Fawn. Global Responses to Terrorism: 9/11, Afghanistan and beyond. Routledge.   New York, Year: 2003. Page Number: 1       How to cite NATO and Terrorism, Essay examples

Finding your Identity free essay sample

I have encountered a multitude of deferent ethnicities, beliefs, and cultures that all have different ways of speaking. The environment I grew up In has had a great impact on the way that I speak today. I grew up In a very traditional Hispanic home. Women were taught at a young age that our Job was to take care and cater to the man of the house and all of the children. Everyone In my family was born and raised Catholic. My dad Is originally from Espanola and moved to Albuquerque to go to college and pursue his career. My mother was born and raised In Albuquerque. My parents would talk to me In both Spanish and English. My dad spoke in a lot of slang terms that I picked up on as a little girl. I frequently used terms like Ala and Oral in my speech in an effort to embrace my roots and used the slang words my dad used on a daily basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Finding your Identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My dad had three ways of speaking to e one was Spanish the others were what I called Espanola Slang and a very proper and professional English. I would refer to my dad as Pap instead of dad and he would refer to me as Champed or the kid. My dad taught me all three ways of speaking and I used them all in my everyday speech. In my house you were taught to be fluent in both Spanish and English. If you knew a word in English you knew it In Spanish too. As a young girl I leaned more to Spanish than English because that was a way for me to communicate with my grandmother that I was extremely close with.

Discussion questions 4-6 Flashcard

Discussion questions 4-6

Web Md Critique Essays

Web Md Critique Essays Web Md Critique Essay Web Md Critique Essay The website I chose for my web report critique is WebMD – Better information. Better health. The URL for this website is webmd. com. I chose WebMD because I use it personally and enjoy all of the website’s articles and health tips. The website is not only for the health conscious, but also for all people with curious minds, ranging between all ages, gender and ethnicity. All in all, WebMD accommodates everyone and has an extensive amount of information on medical curiosities for those to read and enjoy. The WebMD website is designed to help people understand particular illnesses, learn how the body works, how to live a healthy life and so much more. A person can search a specific illness to find out its symptoms and how it can be treated. It also allows people to learn about how a specific illness will affect the body. WebMD also provides healthy living tips for women, for elderly people, for sex and relationships, and even for pets. Basically, WebMD is designed to be a person’s in-hand doctor or a quick reference before seeing a doctor physically. One can say that it is a person’s medical office squeezed all into a computer screen. WebMD is aimed to serve everyone, from doctors to the general public. The website delivers many good aspects and few weaknesses. A few good aspects to mention about WebMD is that, first, it is exceedingly descriptive on the types of illnesses listed on the site. One could type in a few symptoms and come to many listed conclusions; which could also be a negative thing. Secondly, it helps people search for medical professionals in their area. This is good because it introduces people to small practices around their city that they might not know about, instead of going with the well known medical providers. Furthermore, this is a good aspect because it allows people to choose medical professionals that fit their price range. Last but definitely not least, WebMD presents discussion boards in which many people participate in, asking, as well as answering questions. This is a good aspect to the WebMD site because it allows people to realize that they are not the only ones experiencing a specific illness or feeling and allows people to read how others deal with sickness they may not have thought of. All in all, WebMD holds many good aspects because the site has everything a person could possibly search for, medically related. The downside and weakness about WebMD is that, as mentioned before, there are many illnesses that have similar symptoms. An example of this is a woman experiencing menstrual cramps or pre-pregnancy symptoms. While WebMD is a good source of determining illnesses, it lacks accurate reports that a patient would receive from a physical doctor’s appointment. Personally, I use WebMD more than any other medical website because of what the site has to offer with all the health tips, discussion boards, and information provided. There is so much information on the website that there is always something interesting to read. In essence, it has the answer for any medical question any curious mind would like to know. I would like to mention that although WebMD is a great website to answer many medical needs, it does not replace the physical prognoses and treatment of a real doctor. In conclusion, I would definitely recommend WebMD to others; I guarantee that it will spark interest through different topics to all ages.

Aboriginal Contributions to Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aboriginal Contributions to Canada - Essay Example rature and warfare.This paper on Aboriginal contributions to Canada discusses the various contributions made by them in the field of transportation. Some of the key contributions of the Aboriginals to Canada in the field of transportation include – birch bark canoes, the Kayak, snowshoes, toboggans, moccasins, and the muklucks. Aboriginal contribution in the field of transportation:The Canadian landscape and climate is diverse and uneven in nature. Most of the regions experienced severe snowfall thus restricting the access to food. Also the agriculturists lived along the river banks, and the only feasible mode of transportation was the river.The wheeled vehicles were largely absent due to lack of animals such as camels or horses,to draw the carriages,the waterways were the only convenient routes of travel for the aboriginals,who used canoes to transport their properties from one place to the other, as well as for trade purposesThe birch bark canoes are considered as one of the greatest contributions from the aboriginal people to Canada. Figure 1: A birch bark canoe Source: http://www.birchbarkcanoe.net/builder.htm The canoes which were made from barks of the birch trees were found in abundance along the banks of the Great Lakes watershed (Johansen, Pritzker, 2007). The barks of this tree were known for being extremely lightweight and smooth and were waterproof and resilient (Sandved et al., 1993). The Algonquians tribes used different modes of transportation depending on the seasons. The birch bark canoes were mostly used during the summer (Rogers, Smith, 1994) while in winter, when the waterways freezed, majority of the travel had to be done via land. Since most of the land during winter was covered in snow, the aboriginals had to invent an alternative means of transport, which resulted in the invention of the snow shoes and toboggans (Jenness, 1932). The aboriginals used various types of snowshoes depending on the condition of snow as well as the quant ity of weight being carried while travelling from one place to another. For instance, the Mistassini tribe used beavertail snowshoes, which were primarily used by the men, while travelling through the bush and when the snow was deep. The women on the other hand used the swallowtail snowshoes, which was used during early winter. Apart from these, there were various other styles of snowshoes used by the aboriginals such as the pointed snowshoes, the bear paw and the narrow snowshoes (Sturtevant, 1981). Figure 2: Various types of snowshoes used by the aboriginals Source: http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Ground/english/exhibition/mfn/snowshoes.html Moccasins are another recent contribution to mainstream culture. The Moccasin is a type of footwear native to the Aboriginals. The word derived from the Algonquian tribe, and is used to refer to a type of footwear made out of soft leather and sewn together in a 'slipper-like' form. Traditionally this type of footwear was made from deer or moose hide, and decorated with exotic beadwork or quillwork or other similar aboriginal designs. They are one of the most crucial forms of transportation, and could be used in any season. The fur used ensures enough protection to the feet, and retains warmth during winter (Beavon et al., 2005). Thus not only did the aboriginal tribes taught

Marriage and Sexuality by Saint Paul Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marriage and Sexuality by Saint Paul - Essay Example Somehow, St. Paul, in his Epistle, appears to be arguing against people’s entering into marital union, as marriage and sex, according to him, push humans away from spiritual uplift. It is therefore St. Paul supports the idea of refraining from sexual activities, including marriage, to remain committed to religious activities and the service of church only. Since hunger and sex serve as two basic human instincts, and it is hard for humans to completely avoid any of the two, the Lord has taught the manners to satisfy both the instincts according to His holy commandments. â€Å"The Bible presents marriage as a divine institution. If marriage were of human origin, then human beings would have a right to decide the kind of marital relationships to choose. Marriage, however, began with God. It was established by God at the beginning of human history when He "created the heavens and the earth†. It is therefore the Scripture declares marriage as a sacred association between man and woman due to the very reality that it not only satisfies the carnal desires of the humans in an adequate manner, but also gives birth to the concept of family and blood relationship in its wake. Marriage is actually a sacred way to carry on nature’s system of sending new generations to replace the old ones that has been the order of the day as well as law of nature since man’s arrival on the face of the earth. Further, marriage keeps the souls pious and save the individuals from going astray by getting indulged into lustful activities including adultery, fornication, sodomy, rape and other forms of immorality and indecency; as the Bible states that â€Å"having one’s own husband or wife should keep one from doing something immoral.† ... adultery, fornication, sodomy, rape and other forms of immorality and indecency; as the Bible states that â€Å"having one’s own husband or wife should keep one from doing something immoral.† (Corinthians, 7:2) Additionally, the children produced out of the wedlock also enjoy the status of legitimate offspring, where they maintain social position and respect, and share in the inheritance of their parents. Besides, children also carry on the mission and talent of their parents, which is equally beneficial for the humanity at large. Moreover, children are also recognized as belonging to some particular caste, clan, tribe, ethnicity, religion and family. Consequently, they are the responsibility of their parents, and society can force them to feed, clothe and protect them according to their income and resources. Somehow, St. Paul, through Corinthians 7, considers celibacy and maintenance of virginity as the most admirable thing. The Epistle views marriage as a burden on th e very back of the individuals, which drifts them far away from their spiritual duties and obligations. Hence, married people get involved into worldly pursuits and run amuck after pelf, property, power and possessions in order to feed their family and brought up the young ones in a better way. Since materialism and spirituality are absolutely two contradictory issues, pursuit of one creates and increases distance from the other. Corinthians 7:25-27 vehemently suggest the men and women to avoid marriage and sex, as it is superior to getting involved into sexual activity. Although, according to St. Paul, the Lord has not forbidden it, yet he himself recommends celibacy as it is (spiritually) better than marriage. Control of carnal desires is certainly more blissful than displaying them to one’s

Whatever you see fits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Whatever you see fits - Essay Example The votes clearly indicate that most of the electors support the executive office and their economic strategy for the subsequent four years. The popular vote on the other hand does not affect the outcome of the presidential elections at all. A presidential candidate may gunner the highest popular vote, but trail in the electoral votes. This means they do not succeed in the whole election process (Sabato, 34). The popular vote may only be used to examine if or not the United States citizens feel content with the outcome of a particular election. According to Chang, the popular vote only has significance in the states where it determines the direction of the electoral votes (122). The Romney Ryan campaign will remain as one of the most strategic and expensive campaign the republicans have ever conducted. Firstly, Romney lost due to his rhetoric statement on immigration that he delivered during his bid. Most minorities and young persons feared that if he won they will not receive fair treatment. Romney’s stand on same sex marriage was also a major factor that made him lose. Majority of Americans states support same sex marriages hence the democrats had an advantage over them. The issue of abortion was also a major factor during the campaign. Most women in America support abortion, but the Romney Ryan campaign was against it. This issue made the Romney Ryan campaign almost insensitive among the female population and the resultant was a loss of a significant number of votes. The Obama Biden campaign on the other hand won because it focused more on populous regions across the nation. Additionally, the campaign focused on satisfying the needs of the minority. The campaign was sensitive to the Hispanics, women and gay couples. This played a major role in ensuring the campaign clinched the majority of the votes in the swing states. With

Influence Motivation Through Appraisals: Activating Goals

Influence Motivation Through Appraisals: Activating Goals Another way in which emotions may influence judgments is by activating goals or motives. For example, emotions can affect judgments and behavior by priming different goals (Garg, Wansink, Inman, 2007; Hoch Loewenstein, 1991; Leith Baumeister, 1996; Tice, Bratslavsky, Baumeister, 2001; Winterich Haws, 2011). One outcome to view the interplay of different motivations is self-regulation. Self-conscious emotions affect self-regulation by way of activating different goals in different situations. Wilcox, Kramer, and Sen (2011) found that incidental pride (a discrete emotion with appraisal of self as having been responsible for outcomes) had dual effects on self-regulation leading to indulgent choices when pride promotes a sense of achievement and virtuous choices when pride promotes self-awareness. Participants primed with pride (vs. happiness vs. control) increased indulgence under low cognitive load because availability of high cognitive resources allowed participants to feel the complex sense of achievement and they felt a sense of having made progress in their long-term goals. In contrast, under high self-awareness, which has been shown to enhance individuals’ motivation to behave consistently with the long-term goals (Diener Wallbom, 1976; Patrick, Chun, MacInnis, 2009[D1]), in cidental pride (vs. control) led to lower choice of indulgent foods and increased effort towards goal progress. This research highlights the need to take a nuanced view of the motivational influences of incidental emotions. Influences of emotions extend to social motivations (such as actions in service of relationship repair) and affect subsequent consumption decisions. In a field study, Dahl, Honea and Manchanda (2005) found that a consumers lack of purchase led consumers to feel guilty when they perceived a social connectedness with the salesperson and considered self to be responsible for the purchase. When consumers experience guilt, they intend to pursue reparative actions during future purchase interactions with the salesperson to repair their relationship. It is to be noted that in this research, the guilt is induced by past purchase behavior and is not incidental. However, this serves as an example regarding how social emotions might influence motivations and opens the line of enquiry about similar effects from incidental emotions. The influence of emotions on goals or self-regulation is not limited to self-conscious emotions. Other appraisals can work through a different set of goals to impact self-regulation. For example, an appraisal dimension that is relevant to self-regulation is temporal focus of the incidental emotion because temporal focus is central to the trade-offs between long-term goals and short-term indulgences (Hoch Lowenstein, 1991). Winterich and Haws (2011) found that future focused positive emotions such as hope (vs. pride, which is past focused) aided in making healthier food choices. In contrast, future-focused negative emotion (e.g., fear) did not influence self-regulation. This research indicates that a combination of appraisals (temporal focus and valence) influences self-regulation through differential goal activation. Influence on coping strategies through appraisals. Several of the studies earlier had a component of coping or regulating the emotion to feel better or rid oneself of negative appraisals[NA2]. Herrald and Tomaka (2002) found that when participants who felt angry or ashamed reported to cope with negative emotions by regulating their negative emotional responses through seeking social support or engaging in defensive processing to a greater extent than those who felt pride. In a more specific link to coping strategies, distinct cognitive appraisal tendencies elicited by different emotions can also influence subsequent judgments and decision making via an activation of particular coping strategies. Duhachek, Agrawal, and Han (2012) suggest that guilt-laden individuals are more likely to activate problem-focused coping strategies, which refer to efforts to manage the source of stress directly (Lazarus Folkman, 1984), because guilt is associated with high self-efficacy appraisals (i.e., I can fix the problem; Tangney, Stuewig, Mashek, 2007). In contrast, shame-laden individuals are more likely to use emotion-focused coping strategies, which refer to efforts to regulate emotional responses toward the stress (e.g., stop thinking about it, let negative emotions out; Lazarus Folkman, 1984), because shame is associated with low self-efficacy appraisals (i.e., I cannot fix the problem; Tangney, Stuewig, Mashek, 2007). Consistent with the proposed theorizing, they found that guilt-laden participants activated greater problem-focused coping when they were shown the gain-framed messages whereas shame-laden participants evoked greater emotion-focused coping when they were shown the loss-framed messages. By studying the motivations associated with each emotion, we can better identify how emotions affect judgments and decision-making. Influence mindsets through appraisals Another way that emotions may affect may affect decisions is by activating a cognitive procedure or a set of associations that then automatically apply to the tasks conducted under the emotion’s influence. And example of this process can be found in studies where distinct emotions can activate different cognitive mindsets. Han, Duhachek, and Agrawal (2014) showed that guilt elicited low construal level mindset whereas shame elicited high construal level mindset based on the different cognitive appraisal tendencies associated with these two emotions. Specifically, previous research has shown that guilt is experienced when individuals appraise negative outcomes to their specific behaviors (i.e., behavior specific appraisals, such as â€Å"I did a bad thing†) whereas shame is experienced when individuals appraise negative outcomes to their global self (i.e., global self appraisals, such as â€Å"I am a bad person†). Based on these findings, Han, Duhachek, and Agrawa l (2014) propose that these distinct cognitive appraisals elicited by two emotions activate local (in case of guilt) or global (in case of shame) appraisal tendencies which lead individuals to appraise the subsequent event in a manner consistent with their behavior-specific appraisals (in case of guilt) or their global-self appraisals (in case of shame) and that these local or global appraisal tendencies will activate either low or high construal level mindsets. Consistent with their theorizing, Han, Duhachek, and Agrawal (2014) found that the local appraisal tendency of guilt activated lower construal mindset and the global appraisal tendency of shame activated higher construal mindset, which in turn affects judgment and decision-making. Thus emotions may influence judgments by providing information, goals, mindsets or coping processes. Understanding which appraisal is likely to trigger which process would allow researchers to predict the effects of different emotion more precisely. LEVERAGING THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF APPRAISALS BY UNDERSTANING HOW TWO APPRAISALS MAY INTERACT While we have discussed how two emotions may vary on an appraisal dimension, we have also discussed the potential for conflicting findings across appraisal dimensions. This highlights the need for us to study the interactions between two appraisal dimensions. How would two appraisal dimensions (say valence and self/other responsibility) interact to determine consequences? Research on specific emotions has focused mostly on one appraisal dimension. . However, because each emotion has multiple cognitive appraisals, some of the findings on the same emotions show inconsistent results. For example, shame sometimes leads to withdrawal behaviors (e.g., Duhachek, Agrawal, Han, 2012) but sometimes leads to prosocial behaviors (e.g., de Hooge, Breugelmans, Zeelenberg, 2008). These inconsistent findings on same emotion suggest that unidimensional cognitive appraisal approach may not fully capture how each emotion affects behavior and judgment. Thus, it is worthwhile to investigate how two app raisal dimensions interact to influence outcomes or consequences. One way that two appraisals have been studied is to show different effects of valence across a set of emotions varying along another dimension as well. For example[NA3], SHAME and ANGER finding. Now say valence changes nature of finding: PRIDE GRATITUDE finding. Even thought the studies were different studies for postiiv ena dnegative emtoions, what we have is a conceptual interaction. A few researchers have recently investigated the interactive effects of two appraisal dimensions associated with discrete emotions on consumer behavior and judgments. For example, Agrawal, Menon and Aaker (2007) showed that for sadness and agitation, the valence dimension and self/other relatedness dimension both interactively affects the effectiveness of health messages. Specifically, they showed that when the primed emotion was positive, the fit between the focal referent in the message (self or family) and discrete emotion enhanced the processing of aversive health information whereas when individuals were primed with a negative emotion, the fit hindered the processing of health information. Appraisal dimensions based on motivations could interact with other dimensions to result in motivation-matching mechanisms. For example, Labroo and Rucker (2010) proposed a joint model of emotions categorized by two dimensions: motivation orientation (along the dimensions of approach vs. avoid) and valence. This framework provides a richer view of the affect regulation mechanism through showing that when participants were focused on their affective experiences, ‘orientation matching’ of emotions (for example, positive approach emotions (e.g., happiness) provided to regulate negative approach emotions (e.g., anger)) provides more affective regulation benefit than merely providing any positively valenced emotions. In particular, they found that when individuals experienced a negative emotion associated with approach orientation (e.g., angry), they showed more favorable attitudes toward the brand when they were shown and ad which activated positive emotions associated with same approach orientation (e.g., happiness). Moreover, when emotions with differing appraisals interact, it can coactivate a tendency when one emotion alone would have showed a different tendency. Morales, Wu, and Fitzsimons (2012) showed that fear can elicit an action tendency when combined with disgust. Fear is associated with uncertainty and motivates people to escape from the threat. Fear has been known to be associated with both avoidance behavior and hesitation and freezing behaviors (Smith Ellsworth, 1985). People show freezing behaviors initially and then take action when the fear eliciting object is unavoidably near. On the other hand, disgust is associated with strong certainty and strong impulse to avoid and distance oneself. Morales, Wu and Fitzsimons (2012) showed that when disgust was incorporated within the fear appeal, it enhanced persuasion and message compliance when fear alone did not. Interactions of appraisals might be a useful way to think about divergent findings or ways to reconcile conflicting findings in the literature. CONTEXTUAL INFLUECNES AND THE IMPACT OF EMOTIONS And finally, (E) how would these emotion appraisals interact with the contextual information from the environment to influence judgments. The various and inconsistent findings on same emotion suggests that studying specific emotion should broaden the scope and deviate from the framework of emotion leading to certain cognitive appraisal that subsequently leads to specific behavior and judgment. An overarching framework should include how motivational, situational factors interact with certain cognitive appraisals and how certain cognitive appraisal could lead to different mindset. For example, cognitive appraisal can lead to different motivations depending on the contexts. Fear is known to lead people to show freezing type behaviors, but it can lead to higher need for affiliation when a situation allows people to have someone or brand nearby (Dunn Hoegg, 2014). Only through accounting for what type of situation and motivation drives the cognitive appraisals, the different findings co uld be reconciled. Contextual factors could influence not only the nature of event appraisals, but also the intensity of the cognitive appraisals and consequently, the intensity of the felt emotion. Hung and Mukhopadhyay (2011) showed that the visual perspective (actor vs. observer) taken while appraising an event could influence the intensity of the felt emotion. Participants who imagined the same hypothetical situation through an observer’s (vs. actor’s) perspective felt higher intensity embarrassment. While recalling a past experiences or imagining a hypothetical emotional event, participants taking the observer (vs. actor) perspective were more likely to think about how others might evaluate them and therefore felt more intense self-conscious emotions. Such contextual antecedents to cognitive appraisals could have interesting and significant influences on incidental emotions. Another approach to understand the interaction of contextual information with incidental emotions is through studying compatibility effects. Compatibility of external information with emotional appraisals could have complex outcomes depending on the domain and specific appraisal dimensions. Agrawal, Menon, and Aaker (2007) showed that appraisal dimensions of valence and self-other reference invoked by incidental emotions interact with the referent in a health message presented to participants to produce complex compatibility effects. When the incidental emotion is positive (e.g., happiness, peacefulness), the compatibility between the message referent (self vs. other) and emotional appraisal (self vs. other) fosters the processing of health information presented. In contrast, when the incidental emotion is negative (e.g., anxiety), then the compatibility of message referent and emotional appraisal hinders the processing of health message. Similar[D4] external information and emotiona l appraisal compatibility effects could be explored to understand consumers’ response to external stimuli in presence of incidental emotions. Another rich area of enquiry is how other people present (or considered) in the context could vary the nature of the emotion or interact with the incidental emotions to lead to different behavioral outcomes. Presence of other people in the context could interact with the appraisal rendered by an emotion and influence the fluency of the emotional experience and subsequent evaluations. In a series of interesting experiments, Fisher and Dube (2005) presented same-gender and mixed-gender pairs of participants with advertisements that invoked a positively valenced emotion with high agency (e.g., enthusiastic, excited) or low agency (e.g., calm, relaxed). Subsequently measured viewing pleasure and attitudes towards advertisements were significantly lower when males watched a low-agency ad in presence of another male (vs. in presence of a female). This effect was seen only in public ratings of the ad and not in private. These findings indicate a social desirability effect and favorability o f context-congruent emotions (for e.g., high agency is a desirable social stereotype for males). Future research could explore similar context-congruency effects of emotional appraisals and how they might influence behavioral outcomes. Van de Ven, Zeelenberg, and Pieters (2011) show that the nature of envy varies based on the deservedness appraisals of the envy targets. Benign envy is elicited when the others’ superior position is deserved. In contrast, a feeling of malicious envy is elicited when the others’ superior position is appraised as not deserved. The type of envy felt predicts the â€Å"Envy Premium† (higher willingness to pay for a product that elicits envy) of the product in such a way that benign envy leads to higher envy premium for a product owned by the superior person whereas malicious envy leads to higher envy premium for a product not owned by the superior person. This finding demonstrates how evaluative information about the context (whether others’ superior position) is deserved or not) changes the nature of the emotional reaction elicited. Future research could extend this finding to apply to incidental emotions[K5]. In addition to the interaction between incidental emotions and contextual information, research could examine how integral emotions and contextual information interacts to influence the subsequent judgments. Duhachek, Agrawal, and Han (2012) examine how the fit between emotions of guilt and shame and message framing influences subsequent message compliance. Specifically, they showed that high or low self efficacy appraisals evoked by guilt or shame interact with gain or loss framed messages to induce the match-based persuasion effects. It has been shown that since guilt-laden people believe that they can fix the problem (i.e., high self-efficacy appraisals), they prefer the message which emphasizes the positive outcomes of following the action described in the ad (i.e., gain frame). In contrast, shame-laden people believe that they cannot fix the problem (i.e., low self-efficacy appraisals), thus leading them to prefer the ad message which highlights the negative outcome of not follo wing the action. Consistent with the proposed theorizing, they found that when guilt (shame) appeals primed with gain- (loss-) framed messages, participants felt greater fluency and showed less intention to binge drink. Studying the impact of context on emotional influence on judgments is a rich avenue for future research. [K6] [D1]From Wilcox et al. (2011). You can find citations for these two papers in Wilcox et al. 2011. [NA2] World renowned coping expert Adam can tackle this: Need to bolster this section more. Maybe begin with mood repair†¦. Or nature of coping changes by nature of emotion. More build up will be good. [NA3]Da hee, please can you elaborate on our paper here†¦. [D4]We may add Agrawal and Duhachek (2010) if necessary. [K5]Meta appraisals. How I feel about how I feel, certainty/confidence/ I am uncertain about my anger. Or validity, I am angry but I know I shouldn’t be. Adam, pls add to GD [K6]Also the self literature, the role of self guilt. Or self anger. Mad at past version of myself for what I did. Adam, please add to GD.

Great Expectations By Charles Dickens :: Great Expectations Charles Dickens Essays

Great Expectations By Charles Dickens Charles Dickens makes this extract memorable and significant as it is the first time Pip, a working class boy from the forge, meets Miss Havisham and Estella who are going to have an important and significant affect on his life. Pip is invited to Miss Havisham's residence Statis house. This is important as he doesn't know why he was invited and before he goes he is told there may be something in this for him. The reader knows this might be true due to the title of the play "Great Expectations" Dickens makes Pip's first encounter with Miss Havisham and Estella at Statis House a significant and memorable point in the novel in a number of ways. The first point that makes it memorable is that it is written in first person narrative. Pip says "sat the strangest lady I have ever seen, or ever shall see". This image is seen through the eyes of a child so it will be memorable to him as he will never forget this lady. This also gives the reader first hand experience into what Pip is seeing. Another point why Dickens makes this a significant and memorable part of the novel is that at the beginning of the extract we do not know who the lady is. Dickens uses pronouns to name her, he uses words like "she" and "her". This makes it significant as Dickens is building up an appearance of the character before he tells you her name. Dickens makes a memorable part of the novel when he describes the lady's clothes. He says "she had a long white veil dependant from her hair and she had bridal flowers in her hair". This gives the impression of a young bride. Dickens uses the adversative clause "but" so we know something is going to be wrong. Dickens then says "her hair was white". This then changes the reader's perception of the character so this is why it is memorable as it now sticks in the readers head. Another memorable part of the extract is how Dickens gets across that this lady is wealthy. Dickens just doesn't say she is rich he describes her assets that pip can see in the room. He describes the fabrics "rich material- satins, and lace, and silks". He also describes her jewellery "bright jewels" and "some other jewels lay sparkling on the table". These all tell you how rich she is and the adjectives "bright" and "sparkling" makes it memorable to the character and the reader. A way Dickens makes this a memorable and significant part of the extract is when he describes what sees when he enters the room, he

Perspectives on Abortion

Otis Latin ENGL1301. 17 Mrs. Marcom Abortion Title: Perspectives on Abortion: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and What Lies in between Author: Raquel Lopez This essay is a very deep and descriptive essay about abortions and the history behind it. There are two different perspectives discussed in this essay and they are, Pro-Life, and Pro-Choice. The essay talks about the historical perspectives of abortion, pro-life perspectives, moral relativism, philosophical considerations, the church’s views on abortion, pro-choice perspectives, abortion relationship with crime, and the politics of abortion.The author’s main idea is that pro-life and pro-choice perspectives are all based on the person’s emotions and often fail to make logical sense. As the author states, Pro-Life has two main approaches: moral perspectives and religious perspectives. Sometimes these two perspectives intertwine and have some similarities but in many ways they do the complete opposite. â€Å"The religio us perspective has very little to be debated considering it embraces the belief in a supernatural almighty entity; and there is, in fact, very little literature discussing the logics of religion†(512).The author is saying that the religious perspective is saying abortion is wrong based on their beliefs of the importance of a life. â€Å"Critics of abortion attack the fact that despite cultural background, abortion is wrong just as killing is wrong and stealing is wrong in any society, regardless of cultural values†(513). The moral perspective is saying that abortion is wrong just like stealing and killing is wrong. The author disagrees because everything people say is right isn’t necessarily right. This helps prove the author’s thesis that your perspective is based off of emotion and not fact.On the other hand there is the Pro-choice perspective of abortion. This means that the people believe in having the choice to have an abortion or not. This essay disc usses the history of women as caregivers and nurturers. In these roles they were very close to their children and highly unlikeable for them to think of abortion. Now that times have changed the essay talks about how the change in behavior of women affects the children mentally and physically. For example the article says lack of attention can lead to: low self-esteem, anger problems, attention deficit behavioral issues, child molestation, and verbal abuse (514).The author’s intended audience was to everyone who has debates or assumptions on abortions. The author addresses pro-life and pro-choice perspective by comparing and contrasting all arguments and backing it up with facts. The author does not make any assumptions, and he clearly backed up his argument. While the author’s thesis focused on the use of emotion and abortion perspective, he ends by showing his own personal view. In his conclusion, the author discusses how unfair it is for many children to be forced i nto poor homes.The author believes that this is a result decision based on emotion. Why Abortion is Immoral Don Marquis This essay is telling the reasons why abortion is considered immoral. The author suggests that abortion is in the same moral category as killing a human being. The author also states that he does not want to base the article off of religion like most anti-abortionist point of views. He does however want to base it on morality and ethics. By doing this the author will cover the non religious people’s perspective of abortion. In an essay like this writing strategies are really important.With this being said his writing strategies help him prove a point that isn’t very popular. The author uses several writing strategies to get his point achieve this goal. He starts by comparing and contrasting anti abortionist and pro-choice perspectives. In his compare and contrast he gives examples of typical pro-choice and anti abortionist views. The author states tha t â€Å"Passions in the abortion debate run high. There are both plausibilities and difficulties with the standard positions†(188). After comparing and contrasting the two perspectives, the author points out the issues of each point of view.For every point the author makes he list several examples to support his main idea. Basically this entire essay is the author’s argument that abortion is equal to killing a young child. One of the most persuasive strategies is that the author describes opposite viewpoints, and then says why they are wrong. This is why the author talks a lot about â€Å"symmetry between the accounts†(197). One example of this symmetry is when the author talks about some beliefs that â€Å"fetuses lack of property that is essential for the value-of-a-future †(198). Many people might disagree with this point.In fact, this point goes against the author’s perspective that abortion is immoral. He still talks about this in his essay th ough because it gives him an opportunity to say why the person that holds this belief is wrong. The author believes that people that hold this view are wrong because if a fetus lacks value and doesn’t deserve to live then the same must be said for plants and people in comas (199). Overall the author does a good job of getting his point across. He uses compare and contrast, he describes different examples of different viewpoints and he makes a strong case that abortion is immoral.His purpose was to show an anti abortion view that was based on morality and ethics and not â€Å"irrational religious dogma† (183) or a â€Å"confused philosophical argument† (183) and he succeeded. This essay shows that religion is not the only reason why people might be opposed to abortion. Not looking at religion some people may still believe that abortion is similar to killing an innocent man or woman who didn’t deserve to die. Bibliography Lopez, Raquel. Perspectives on Abor tion: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and What Lies in between: EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012 Marquis, Don. Why Abortion is Immoral: Journal of Philosophy, Inc. 1989

Erectile Dysfunction and Viagra Essay

Erectile Dysfunction and Viagra Essay Erectile Dysfunction and Viagra Essay Advanced Entrepreneurship â€Å"Intrapreneurship & Entrepreneurship† Abstract According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary, the word innovation is the beginning of a new fresh or unlike items, services, or procedures. But the word innovation can have many unlike suggestions or implications to various unlike people. For the utilizing of the word in the business field it can suggestion that people are revolving simple thoughts into cash, generating a value for people, openings that can make jobs , or an development of an item or service that already is present. Without new and original items businesses will not survive. There are eras when people and firms thought about making original goods intentionally. There are additional periods when people and firms attempt to make an invention but by mistake make an item of consumption that is being pioneered. There are numerous original manufactured goods that have been initiated all the way through the years. Digital cameras, iPods, the world web, kindle, and MP3 players are some of the numerous modern merchandise goods that have been initiated. The merchandise good that I have selected that is said to be a mistake is the product called Viagra. The intent of Viagra was to cure what is known as hypertension but was discovered to assist in the remedy of men who have a medical condition of erectile dysfunction. Viagra consents to men to obtain and keep under control of their sex life, but only with the aid of the so called â€Å"Blue Diamond† or â€Å"Little Blue Pill†. This is a fresh and original item of consumption to me. For the duration of the foremost stage of the medical test, Viagra demonstrated a small result on what it was proposed to be utilized for, but did encourage penile erections. For the period of the following stage of the medical test, it was determined to encourage the make use of the drug for erectile dysfunction. Subsequent to, the drug grew to be copyrighted in 1996, and was Established in the United States when it came to be permitted for the utilizing of erectile dysfunction by the U.S. FDA in March of 1998(Parnham, M. 2004) The method that was applied to establish the drug was known as intrapreneurship. Mr. Peter Dunn along with Mr. Albert Woods was two workers of the Pfizer pharmaceutical firm that formed this item of consumption known as Viagra. A small number of benefits for exercising the intrapreneurship method are that the progress of Viagra was properly supported by the firm. Including additional people in the group decrease the concern of jeopardy that were being in use following the initial stages of the medical tests were unsuccessful when it come to a decision on having this specific drug to take care of inability. The third benefit of this method is that it provides the firm with a larger brand for itself. The drug resulted in a vast sum of resources once the Viagra was accepted for purchase. A few of shortcomings of this method is for the reason that more than one person was operating on this product. The two people have to be confident that the two are in continuous contact on what was functioning, in order to present the drug flourishing in the market. Supervisors for the pharmaceutical firm were reliant on their members of staff in order to make a winning drug to take care of a definite form of health situations which in turn will position them out of their ease sector for the duration of day-to-day procedure. The single trial that the pharmaceutical firm had to tackle when produce Viagra in the marketplace, was getting the drug accepted by the Unites States FDA. I state this for the reason that the objective of Viagra was not to take care of erectile dysfunction. It is to be well thought out inventive throughout the era since the drug was the foremost drug that

ACT Test Anxiety

How to Overcome SAT/ACT Test Anxiety SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We've all experienced nerves before an important evaluation, but for many of us the anxiety is much, much worse than a few simple jitters. By all accounts, a significant percentage of students experience some level of test anxiety, ranging from significant but livable symptoms to the most severely debilitating manifestations. Dealing with any level of test anxiety during the SAT or ACT is, at its best, the opposite of fun. This guide will explain what test anxiety is, why it happens, and what you can do to manage it. Test Anxiety: What Is It? The first thing to say is that test anxiety isreal. It's not something you've just imagined, and it's not a simple matter of bucking up and pulling it together. It's also not a moral failing or a character flaw. It's a real and serious phenomenon, and it isn't your fault. Background Test anxiety is frequently considered a subcategory of performanceanxiety, which is characterized by excessive nervousness in situationswhere there's high pressure to do well. Of course, in the case of test anxiety, the excessive nervousness is related specifically to tests. In clinical terms, text anxiety has also been identified as a specific way that social anxiety disorder or generalized anxiety disorder may manifest. This does not necessarily mean that if you experience test anxiety you would definitely be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. That's a conversation for a licensed mental health provider. In short, then, test anxiety is experiencing worry about what might happen witha test that goes beyond the bounds of what society deems "normal". It's perfectly natural to be nervous, but test anxiety goes above and beyond basic nerves. Examining some symptoms may help delineate the difference further. Symptoms Not everyone with test anxiety experiences every symptom. This is a wide range of possible effects: you might have many of these, or only a few. Let's assess what's going on. Physical symptoms include headache; nausea, vomiting, or other gastrointestinal upset; excessive sweating; high blood pressure; dry mouth; shortness of breath; rapid heartbeat; and lightheadedness, feeling faint, or passing out. Emotional symptoms include dread, anger, fear, depression, feeling disappointed, and feeling helpless. Behavioral symptoms include fidgeting, pacing, avoidance, and uncontrollable laughing or crying. Cognitive symptoms include racing thoughts, trouble concentrating, negative thinking, negative self-talk, comparing yourself to others, and difficulty organizing thoughts. Another symptom of test anxiety is experiencing panic attacks. During a panic attack, you may feel that you can't breathe. Otherwise, you might have symptoms of a heart attack, including severe chest pain. If you're experiencing these symptoms, don't brush them off. Whether it's a panic attack or a heart attack, it deserves attention. Go to the nearest emergency room and find out for sure what's going on. All of these symptoms occur on a spectrum; some are easier to deal with, and some are a lot harder. You may have a headache, or you may flat-out faint. You may fidget, or you may break down crying. These symptoms all contribute to making a hard test that much harder. Having trouble concentrating or difficulty organizing thoughts is a completely unfair disadvantage to have as someone with test anxiety. Not only are you totally uncomfortable during the test, your worst fear is coming true- the test is almost impossible to get through! Test anxiety is incredibly cyclical in nature. As we've established, it basically boils down to excessive worry over doing well on a test. Being anxiousalso makes it very hard to do well on any test. The effect of that whole unfortunate fiasco is to make you less confident about your chances of doing well on a test- in other words, you get more anxious. Causes of Test Anxiety There a few reasons someone might experience test anxiety. Why does test anxiety happen? A lot of test anxiety stems from a fear of failure. Some of us tend to be especially sensitive to the pressure to perform. This can lead to a connection between self-worth and the outcome of tests- a very unhelpful association, but one which is difficult to overcome. Another trigger for test anxiety is lack of preparation. It's very natural to feel anxious when you're not prepared for the test ahead. This can exacerbate an underlying tendency towards test anxiety. Also, a poor history of testing experiences can contribute to test anxiety. If you haven't traditionally done as well as you'd like on tests, then you're not going to feel optimistic about the possible outcomes of future tests. There's also the definite possibility of a genetic predisposition. Our brains are built off of our DNA. If you experience test anxiety as part of a larger, underlying anxiety disorder, genetics likelyplay a very large role in what's going on. Sometimes, no matter how prepared you are, no matter how good of a testing history you have, and no matter how confident you are that you're worthwhile independent of tests, you might just wind up developing test anxiety. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! How to Manage Test Anxiety With Preparation Remember how under-preparation can trigger test anxiety? That means that, if you experience test anxiety, you especially need to prepare for tests. It's essential to prepare. Give Yourself Plenty of Time for a Test Preparation Program Don't try to cram starting a week before the test. This goes back to the lack-of-preparation trigger; the more thoroughly you've prepared, the better your chances are of feeling alright on test day. Review Regularly Since you're starting the process early, the topics you cover in the beginning will get rusty by the time you're near the end of the list- unless you review them periodically. Practice Under Exam Conditions Doing your best to simulate the test ahead of time will get you exposure to at least some of the circumstances that tend to make you anxious, such as time limits. Plan to Take the Test More Than Once (If Possible) It sounds like it'd add to your stress, but it will actually help you calm down over successive test dates- if you practice the techniques discussed in this article. It will also take the pressure off of you for any particular test date. Do your best on each test you take, but prioritize working through your test anxiety over what your score will be, especially on early run-through's. Appoint Dedicated Study-Time and Dedicated Break-Time It's important that you get enough study time in, and the best way to do that is to schedule it, rather than trying to fit it in catch-as-catch-can. It's also important that you don't completely fry yourself, so commit to taking breaks at regular intervals. If you start to looklike this, it's time for a break. Use Your Free Time Wisely If you've been typing an essay at the computer for three hours, a break that consists of checking your email and surfing the web will probably not rejuvenate you. On the other hand, getting outside or engaging ina conversation about something other than your work will probably perk you right up. Find a Dedicated Study Space Ideally, this space shouldnot be your bedroom. Our brains tend to form associations with the environments we frequent. It's easier to study somewhere you've only ever studied than it is to study somewhere you've only ever slept, hung out, or played video games. Keep Things Organized When you're cleaning up, it may be a pain not to simply throw all your materials together, but you'll thank yourself later (when you're trying to sort through it all) for spending a few minutes maintaining some order. Maintain a Positive Attitude Related to the Test This may sound impossible at first. Start small, then, and reframe your self-talk to a more optimistic tone. Remind yourself often that you are more than your scores and that your self-worth should not be tied to test performance. Set reasonable expectations for yourself, be gracious when you fall short, and reward your own effort. Get Your Proverbial Pencil Moving Often, the first step we take is the hardest. Once we get going, it's a lot easier to maintain that momentum. If you're overwhelmed or uncertain, then sometimes the best thing to do is to start somewhere. It doesn't matter if it's the ideal place tostart; it just matters that you're getting going. Stay Healthy Self-care is hugely important as you get ready to take the test. Make sure you're sleeping enough- sleep is hugely important for our brains. Eat healthily- don't diet, and don't binge on junk food; keep your nutritional intake balanced and satisfying. Exercise. Make time to rest and relax. Not every minute of your day needs to be about producing something; rather, downtimeis productive. An apple a day keeps the doctor away!Make sure you're eating well. Devise a Routine to Follow Prior to the Test This should involve things like having a good breakfast, checking your purse or backpack for all the things you need to take, and leaving with plentyof time to arrive early and get settled at the testing center. It should also involve anything that makes you feel your best. Wear the right clothes. Some people like to dress up and feel more professional and presentable, like something important is going on. Others would rather show up in their sweats and a ratty T-shirt, hair unbrushed, and not be distracted by styling products or uncomfortable clothes. Either is fine: it's all about making you feel ready to take on the world. Listen to music, if that gets you going. You might even create a playlist specific to test day. Do you meditate? Spend time in your practice. Whatever contributes to you feeling invincible, do it. What to Do During the Test We're all agreed that the test is stressful. Here are sometips on reducing that stress to a manageable level. Use what you need, when you need it. These are options for you to try; not everything works for everyone, and I don't recommend running through every single one of these on every test unless you really need to. Accept Your Anxiety Anxiety is habitual and cyclical; it's extremely unlikely that it will just disappear. Expect to feel some level of anxiety, and give yourself the clear message that anxiety is OK. You still don't have to like it. When you feel anxious, rather than kicking yourself or getting revved up further, acknowledge that you're anxious, and make a commitment to taking valued action anyway. Go through with the test, even though it's uncomfortable. Don't let your anxiety keep you from doing important things. Your anxiety may wellbe there, like it or not. Learn to manage it- not strive against it. Breathe Take deep, slow breaths. Ideally, count with a few of them, and see if you can make your exhale slightly longer than your inhale: for example, in on a count of four, out on a count of six. This helps activate your parasympathetic nervous system, whose job it is to calm you down. Focus on the Test A big part of test anxiety is comparing yourself to other people. Our brains can only juggle so much information at once, though; if you're thinking about the other students, you're not thinking about the test- and vice versa. Use this to your advantage. Every time your mind wanders, don't blame yourself or beat yourself up- just bring yourself back to the test. Sometimes, a simple bit of self-talk can help shift your focus: "Thanks, mind; I'm not playing that game today." The sharper you can keep your focus on the test, the less you'll have to deal with the unpleasantness of worrying about other people. Realize, too, though, that sometimes coming straight back to the test is impossible; maybe your thoughts are racing too fast, or your experience of anxiety is too extreme. There are several tips here that address the process of grounding into the moment so that you're free to return to the test. Use Positive Self-Talk The idea here is to give yourself a message that comforts or inspires you. This can be abstract or specific, emotional or logical. The only criterion is that it has a positive effect on you. An example might be, "I am doing my best, and that is good enough." Think of Something You Have to Look Forward To Whether it's a treat when you're done with the test (which is an awesome idea, by the way!) or your favorite cousin's birthday bash in three weeks, think about what you have waiting on the other side of the exam. The test won't last forever. Stretch Our bodies don't negotiate anxiety well while sedentary. Changing positions can be extremely refreshing, and it's a chance to get some of that anxious energy out. Besides, it reminds you of what your body feels like, and that's something we too often forget when we're so stuck in our heads. Full-on yoga is not recommended while you're at the test center. Tense (and Relax) Your Muscles Dig your heels into the ground. Squeeze your fists. Get your muscles involved- this is another great way to invoke physical sensation. Don'tkeep things tense, though- this is counterproductive to the overall goal of grounded relaxation. Tension is the enemy of readiness: tension means being stuck. A moment of tension, though, can help you recalibrate to relaxation. Use Imagery Any image can be helpful: imagine watching a flickering candle or running through a grassy field barefoot. Often it's especially helpful to use an image that implies moving past the experience of the moment. Think of leaves floating down a river, or clouds floating through the sky. You can imagine that each leaf or each cloud carries one of your thoughts. Breathe in what you want in the moment, breatheout what you wish to let go. Close a book that full ofyour worry-thoughts. Change the channel on the TV of your mind. Hang up the phone on your inner monologue. Describe Your Environment, Using All Five Senses One way to ground yourself in the present moment is to make simple mental statements like, "The walls are gray. My desk is smooth and hard. I smell a freshly sharpened pencil." These statements should be factual and objective- avoid judgments, positive or negative. We don't want, "The walls are such an ugly color. This desk is too small; it's really uncomfortable. I smell a freshly sharpened pencil- that's such a nice smell!" Stimulate Your Senses Another path to rapid grounding is by purposefully stimulating the senses. Some senses (especially taste) might not work as well during the SAT or ACT. Your sense of touch, though, is an easy way to ground into reality. Try touching your clothes or feeling the underside of the desk. Concentrates on the sensations you feel with each new object. What you see, hear, feel, smell, and taste can connect you to the present moment. Recite a Saying, a Quote, or a Poem (Silently) This shouldn't be something you compose on the spot; this is about recalling information. It doesn't have to be anything very meaningful, either; it can be the jingle from a fast-food ad.Focus on the words that are running through your mind. Recite the saying several times, if you need to; get a rhythm going, and let that soothe you. For an added twist, or if it's not engaging your mind enough, try spelling the phrase out. Count to Ten or Say the Alphabet- Slowly (Silently) In line with the task of reciting above, counting or saying the alphabet can distract you from rapid thoughts and give you something else to occupy your mind. Use this exercise as an opportunity to slow your mind down; see how slow you can get the pace without allowing the worry-thoughts back in. Switch Tasks (for a Moment) Yes, time is precious on the test, but take thirty seconds or so to do something other than the test. Reciting a phrase and counting to ten are themselves examples of this exercise; another option is the categories game. Think of a category (like "Famous Mice"), and name as many members of that category as you can (Chuck E. Cheese, the three blind mice, Mighty Mouse, etc.). An especially nice category to choose is "Favorite Things"; list your favorite bands, your favorite restaurants, your favorite people, and so on. Think of Something that Always Makes You Laugh For me, this is a particular still-shot from a movie; it was used for a caption contest online, and one of the submitted captions still cracks me up, years later. Think of what it is that always makesyou laugh, and practice bringing it to mind in moments of anxiety. Bring a Pocket Token Having a small rock or a smooth stone in your pocket can be a great way to connect to something outside the test. Reach into your pocket and feel your token when you feel the anxiety rising. Use it to remind you of the positive intention you set when you chose it. Be careful what you choose, though: it should be small (something you can keep in your pocket throughout the test) and it shouldn't have anything suspicious- like the Pythagorean Theorem- on it. Wearing a charm bracelet with a special charm can work, too. Say a Safety-Statement (Silently) A safety-statement is anything that both reassures you and reaffirms the experience you're having. Stick to simple, basic facts; for instance: "My name is (your name). I am at (test location). I am safe." What If These Tips Don't Help? Remember when I said test anxiety was linked to social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder? I'm not here to diagnose you, but if sustained, committed practice of the techniques described here doesn't get your symptoms to a relatively bearable level, it may be time to seek a professional opinion. It's not as big or scary as it may sound; start by going to your family doctor and describing the symptoms and concerns you're having. First off, getting a little help can greatly improve your quality of life. Also, it may help you get accommodations that will make test-taking much more possible. In most cases, it's very difficult to get accommodations on the SAT or ACT (such as an individual room or extra time) for test anxiety. For a lot of students, the trouble of getting the accommodations may be more of a hassle than it's ultimately worth- if the accommodations are even granted at all. For some, though, it's absolutely necessary- and some hard proof of the severity of symptoms is required (generally verified by a mental health provider). Make sure you feel truly listened to by any medical professional you choose to see. Conclusion In this article, we've looked at some basic information about test anxiety and some ways to deal with it. Important take-away'sare the fact that it's very real and not anybody's fault, that there are many ways to combat it, and that professional help may be required. Sensory stimulation, deep breathing, imagery, and self-talk are huge ways to work with test anxiety. In addition, being prepared is one of the all-around best things you can do to help yourself out. What's Next? Though I never used the term "mindfulness" in this article, that's exactly what many of the techniques I described are all about: mindfulness. Learn more by reading our discussion of mindfulness and the SAT. Also, read some specific suggestions about a timeline for studying for the SAT or ACT, but remember that you may want to pad these estimates and give yourself extra time. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Thesis on the Decline Effect- based on the article by Jonah Lehrer

On the Decline Effect- based on the article by Jonah Lehrer (2010) - Thesis Example Changes may be seen in experiments when they are replicated, but at one point in time the results were accurate, such as the case involving the antipsychotic medications. The medications did the job they were originally intended to when they were first created and prescribed to patients, despite the fact that the opposite proved to be true further into the future. The symptoms of these patients, as well as new patients, started to increase or even come back (Lehrer, 2010). Even if the results were random, or else based on illusion of the researcher, what was discovered or determined had been true. In some cases, the results might have been coincidental, but then the study needs to be altered accordingly to reduce the chance of coincidence. Part of the issue that has arisen with the decline effect is that scientists are becoming discouraged. Like Schooler, they find themselves doubting their original experiments and outcomes, and they wrack their brains trying to understand what could have changed between the original study and its replications. Instead of being discouraged by the declining effect, though, the failing factor needs to be determined.

DESCRIPTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DESCRIPTION - Essay Example As a representation of that faith in mankind and the belief in a higher power the building I have chosen to observe is a church. The church itself is non-denominational and it is called the Christ Fellowship. It is set slightly off the main road which makes it accessible yet offers the peace and quiet which is a requirement for meditation and contemplation. While the typical church may exalt in the beauty of architecture with high roofs, steeples and a narrow structure this building is rather squat since it only has two floors but it looks very modern since it is a beige structure and makes liberal use of glass in its construction. The entrance is covered with an overhang that is supported by four white pillars and which put a person at rest soon as one lays eyes on them. Evenly spaced windows all around the building not only let the sun in they also give a beautiful well-lit outlook from the inside. Looking at it one would think it is a school building or another utilitarian office since there is no stained glass or much Christian imagery around the building. That certainly helps the purpose of the church since it is supposed to be a centre of learning and holds quite a lot of utility for us. While there are a number of trees which run around the building perimeter, there is also a significantly large car park attached to the building which is large enough to hold a hundred cars or more. Behind the building there are several open fields where a person can take a walk or children can use as play grounds. I have been told that once enough funds are generated, the empty space behind the church will be utilized for further development. On a typical Sunday morning you would find the car park almost filled to capacity and people of all races coming into the church. Most of the people who are coming in are in SUVs or family sedans and looking at them you would be able to guess that they are middle class or upper middle class

Management information system ip2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management information system ip2 - Essay Example A research conducted by Greasley et al shows that the employees are able to relate to the concept of empowerment in a different way than the supervisors. The employees believe that they are provided with the responsibility of completing a certain task and this inflates them to complete the particular task in a remarkable manner. Other than the sense of responsibility, the employees also believe that they get a ‘control of work’ which provides them to manage their tasks accordingly. In other words the employees are able to work in a manner that is beneficial to both the employer and the employee himself (Greasley et al 2008). Employee Empowerment is considered as a source of high productivity by the supervisors. The supervisors can provide the employees with work and can create a unified goal which helps in increasing the productivity at a large scale. The supervisor is able to motivate the employee and hence optimize the performance in accordance to the needs. The supervisor tends to feel safe when handing the employees work because he/she believes that the employee would be able to take the responsibility on his own. In other words the level of trust increases between the supervisor and the employee (Potterfield 1999 p.123-124; Lashley p. 62-64). The theory X of management and decision-making process revolves around an authoritative form of leadership in which the managers hold the sole authority of making decisions whereas the theory Y states that the employees have an equal say in the decision making process. Employee Empowerment is a concept that relates to the theory Y as the managers give equal options to the employees when it comes to make decisions. Theory Y states that the managers should coach the employees in such a way that they are able to make their decisions with confidence and employee empowerment automatically instills confidence in the employees (Griffin 2012 p.39). Employee Empowerment

Genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. (Genocide) Essay Example for Free

Genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. (Genocide) Essay Introduction In 1994 Rwanda experienced the worst genocide in modern times. The Rwandan Genocide was a genocidal mass slaughter of the Tutsis by the Hutus that took place in 1994 in the East African state of Rwanda. It is considered the most organized genocide of the 20th century. Over the course of approximately 100 days (from the assassination of Juvenal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira on April 6 through mid-July) over 500,000 people were killed, according to a Human Rights Watch estimate. Estimates of the death toll have ranged from 500,000–1,000,000, or as much as 20% of the countrys total population. It was the culmination of longstanding ethnic competition and tensions between the minority Tutsi, who had controlled power for centuries, and the majority Hutu peoples, who had come to power in the rebellion of 1959–62. (Rwandan Genocide) History between the Hutu and Tutsi people In 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from Uganda in an attempt to defeat the Hutu-led government. They began the Rwandan Civil War, fought between the Hutu regime, with support from Francophone Africa and France, and the Rwandan Patriotic Front, with support from Uganda. This exacerbated ethnic tensions in the country. In response, many Hutu gravitated toward the Hutu Power(Rwandan Genocide), an ideology propounded by Hutu extremist, with the prompting of state-controlled and independent Rwandan media. As an ideology, Hutu Power asserted that the Tutsi intended to enslave the Hutu and must be resisted at all costs. Continuing ethnic strife resulted in the rebels displacing large numbers of Hutu in the north, plus periodic localized Hutu killings of Tutsi in the south. International pressure on the Hutu-led government of Juvenal Habyarimana resulted in a cease-fire in 1993. He planned to implement the Arusha Peace Agreement.(Rwandan Genocide) The assassination of Habyarimana in April 1994 set off a violent reaction, during which Hutu groups conducted mass killings of Tutsis (and also pro-peace Hutus, who were portrayed as traitors and collaborators). This genocide had been planned by members of the Hutu power group known as the  Akazu ( Hutu extremist ) , many of whom occupied positions at top levels of the national government; the genocide was supported and coordinated by the national government as well as by local military and civil officials and mass media. Alongside the military, primary responsibility for the killings themselves rests with two Hutu militias that had been organized for this purpose by political parties: the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi, although once the genocide was underway a great number of Hutu civilians took part in the murders. It was the end of the peace agreement. The Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front restarted their offensive, defeating the army and seizing control of the country.(Rwandan Genocide) Overview of the Rwandan Genocide with International Response After the Hutu presidents plane is gunned down on April 6. Hutu gunmen systematically start tracking down and killing moderate Hutu politicians and Tutsi leaders. The deputy to the U.S. ambassador in Rwanda tells Washington that the killings involve not just political murders, but genocide. The U.S. decides to evacuate all Americans. Canadian General Romeo Dallaire, head of the U.N. peacekeeping force in Rwanda, is told by headquarters not to intervene and to avoid armed conflict. In the next few days, evidence mounts of massacres targeting ordinary Tutsis. Front page stories newspaper stories cite reports of tens of thousands dead and a pile of corpses six feet high outside a main hospital. Gen. Dallaire requests a doubling of his force to 5,000. Nearly 3,300 Americans, French, Italians and Belgians are evacuated by troops sent in from their countries. On April 15th Belgium withdraws its troops from the U.N. force after ten Belgian soldiers are slain. Embarrassed to be withdrawing alone, Belgium asks the U.S. to support a full pullout. Secretary of State Christopher agrees and tells Madeleine Albright, Americas U.N. ambassador, to demand complete withdrawal. She is opposed, as are some African nations. She pushes for a compromise: a dramatic cutback that would leave a token force in place. April 16th, The New York Times reports the shooting and hacking to death of some 1000 men, women and children in a church where they sought refuge. Day 12, By this date, Human Rights Watch estimates the number of dead at 100,000 and calls on the U.N. Security Council to use the word genocide.Belgian troops leave Rwanda; Gen. Dallaire is down to a force of 2,100. He will soon lose communication lines to outlying areas and will have only a satellite link to the outside world. By April 25th,Gen. Dallaire is down to 450 ill-equipped troops from developing countries. He works to protect some 25,000 Rwandans who are at places guarded by U.N. forces. He still hopes the Security Council will change its mind and send him forces while there is still time.(Ghosts of Rwanda) On May 1st a Defense Department discussion paper, prepared for a meeting of officials having day-to-day responsibility on the crisis, is filled with cautions about the U.S. becoming committed to taking action. The word genocide is a concern. Be careful. Legal at State was worried about this yesterday Genocide finding could commit [the U.S.] to actually do something.(Ghosts of Rwanda) Bureaucratic paralysis continues. Few African countries offer troops for the mission and the Pentagon and U.N. argue for two weeks over who will pay the costs of the APCs and who will pay for transporting them. It takes a full month before the U.S. begins sending the APCs to Africa. They dont arrive until July. Seven weeks into the genocide, President Clinton gives speech that restates his policy that humanitarian action anywhere in the world would have to be in Americas national interest:The end of the superpower standoff lifted the lid from a cauldron of long-simmering hatreds. Now the entire global terrain is bloody with such conflicts, from Rwanda to Georgia. Whether we get involved in any of the worlds ethnic conflicts in the end must depend on the cumulative weight of the American interests at stake.(Ghosts of Rwanda) Eleven weeks into the genocide, with still no sign of a U.N. deployment to Rwanda, the U.N. Security Council authorizes France to unilaterally intervene in southwest Rwanda. French forces create a safe area in territory controlled by the Rwanda Hutu government. But killings of Tutsis continue in the safe area.(Ghosts of Rwanda) By July 17th, Tutsi RPF forces have captured Kigali. The Hutu government flees to Zaire, followed by a tide of refugees. The French end their mission in Rwanda and are replaced by Ethiopian U.N. troops. The RPF sets up an interim government in Kigali. Although disease and more killings claim additional lives in the refugee camps, the genocide is over.(Ghosts of Rwanda) Day 100 An estimated 800,000 Rwandans have been killed. The Aftermath In anticipation of a Tutsi retaliation, approximately 2 million Hutus, participants in the genocide, and the bystanders, fled from Rwanda to Zaire (now called Congo), Burundi, Tanzania and Uganda. Thousands of them died in disease epidemics common to the squalor of refugee camps, such as cholera and dysentery. The United States staged the Operation Support Hope airlift from July to September 1994 to stabilize the situation in the camps.(Rwandan Genocide) The presence of 2 million refugees in eastern Zaire helped destabilize the already weak country, whose corrupt president, Mobutu Sese Seko, allowed Hutu extremists among the refugee population to operate with impunity. In October 1996, Mobutus continued support of the Hutu militants led to an uprising by the ethnic Tutsi Banyamulenge people in eastern Zaire (supported politically and militarily by Rwanda), which marked the beginning of the First Congo War, and led to a return of more than 600,000 Hutu refugees to Rwanda during the last two weeks of November. This massive repatriation was followed at the end of December by the return of 500,000 more from Tanzania after they were ejected by the Tanzanian government. Various successor organizations to the Hutu militants operated in eastern DR Congo until May 22, 2009.(Rwandan Genocide) Mobutu was overthrown in May 1997, and Zaires new leader, Laurent Kabila, renamed the country the Democratic Republic of Congo. Kabilas relationship with his Rwandan allies quickly turned sour, and in August 1998 Tutsi rebel forces, supported by Rwanda and Uganda, launched another rebellion. This led to the Second Congo War, killing 5 million people from 1998 to 2004. Rwanda today has two public holidays commemorating the incident, with Genocide Memorial Day on April 7 marking the start, and Liberation Day on July 4 marking the end. The week following April 7 is designated an official week of mourning. One global impact of the Rwandan Genocide is that it served as impetus to the creation of the International Criminal Court, so that ad hoc tribunals would not need to be created for future incidents of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.(Rwandan Genocide) Works Cited 1.) Rwandan Genocide. Wikipedia. N.p., 20 Apr 2013. Web. 4 Sep 2013. . 2.) Genocide. New Oxford American Dictionary. 2008. 3.) Ghosts of Rwanda. Frontine. PBS.org: PBS, Chapel Hill, 04 Apr 2004. Web. 10 Sep 2013. . .